Forces that Affect Leadership Styles Essays - 1214 Words

Forces that Affect Leadership Styles A good leader uses all three styles, depending on what forces are involved between the followers, the leaders, and the situation. Some examples include:  · Using an authoritarian style on a new employee who is just learning the job. The leader is competent and a good coach. The employee is motivated to learn a new skill. The situation is a new environment for the employee.  · Using a participative style with a team of workers who know their job. The leader knows the problem well, but he wants to create a team where the employees take ownership of the project. The employees know their jobs and wan to become part of the team. The situation allows time.  · Using a delegative style with a†¦show more content†¦Negative: If the emphasis is placed upon penalties, then the leader is using negative leadership. Although it has its place in a leader’s repertoire of tools, it should be used carefully due to its high cost on the human spirit. Negative leaders act domineering and superior with people. They believe the only way to get things done is through penalties, such loss of job, days off without pay, and reprimand in front of others. They believe their authority is increased by freighting everyone into higher levels of productivity. Leaders are not strictly one or another, but are somewhere on a continuum ranging from extremely positive to extremely negative. Leaders who continuously work out of the negative are bosses while those who primarily work out of the positive are real leaders. Leader Use of Consideration and Structure Two other styles that leaders use are:  · Consideration (employee orientation) – Leaders are concerned about the human needs or their employees. They build teamwork, help employees with their problems, and provide psychological support.  · Structure (task orientation) – Leaders believe that they get results by consistently keeping people busy and urging them to produce. 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Customer Relationship Management Starbucks Corporation Free Essays

string(47) " want it specifically if you are dissatisfied\." EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document included a survey about Starbucks. I went to a Starbucks on Xinhua road as a mystery shopper. Starbucks Corporation (NASDAQ: SBUX) is an international coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Relationship Management Starbucks Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 17,009 stores in 55 countries. (starbucks, 2011) In this report I will tell you my experience of being a mystery shopper. I will analysis my scenario as a mystery shopper and what I did at the starbucks. I will describe starbucks’s customer service with my knowledge of Pet peeves and 14 factors of company culture. And also, I will suggest some solutions to improve the retail starbucks’s customer servise. CONTENTS Cover page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 Question 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Question 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Question 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Question 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 Question 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 Reference list†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 INTRODUCTION Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 17,009 stores in 55 countries. That’s why I chose starbucks. Starbucks is still inadequate, still need to strengthen and improve. In this experience, I was very carefully to record every detail, and try to remember them. I believe that no matter how perfect management system they have there still has a loophole. This report will bring starbucks great benefits. I will analysis my scenario as a mystery shopper and what I did at the starbucks. I will describe starbucks’s customer service with my knowledge of Pet peeves and 14 factors of company culture. And also, I will suggest some solutions to improve the retail starbucks’s customer service. DISCUSSION Question 1 Explain about the retail store. You need to look for company’s information on internet. Starbucks Corporation (NASDAQ: SBUX) is an international coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 17,009 stores in 55 countries, including over 11,000 in the United States, over 1,000 in Canada, over 700 in the United Kingdom, and over 150 in Turkey. Starbucks sells drip brewed coffee, espresso-based hot drinks, other hot and cold drinks, coffee beans, salads, hot and cold sandwiches and Panini , pastries, snacks, and items such as mugs and tumblers. Through the Starbucks Entertainment division and Hear Music brand, the company also markets books, music, and film. Many of the company’s products are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store. Starbucks-brand ice cream and coffee are also offered at grocery stores. From Starbucks’ founding in later forms in Seattle as a local coffee bean roaster and retailer, the company has expanded rapidly. In the 1990s, Starbucks was opening a new store every workday, a pace that continued into the 2000s. The first store outside the United States or Canada opened in the mid-1990s, and overseas stores now constitute almost one third of Starbucks’ stores. The company planned to open a net of 900 new stores outside of the United States in 2009, but has announced 900 store closures in the United States since 2008. The company is named in part after Starbuck, Captain Ahab’s first mate in the novel Moby-Dick, as well as a turn-of-the-century mining camp (Starbo or Storbo) on Mount Rainier. According to Howard Schultz’s book Pour Your Heart Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time, the name of the company was derived from Moby-Dick, although not in as direct a fashion as many assume. Gordon Bowker liked the name â€Å"Pequod† (the ship in the novel), but his then creative partner Terry Heckler responded, â€Å"No one’s going to drink a cup of Pee-quod! † Heckler suggested â€Å"Starbo†. Brainstorming with these two ideas resulted in the company being named after the Pequod’s first mate, Starbuck. And also, starbucks’s logo had changed three times. The first Starbucks was opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971 by three partners: English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegl, and writer Gordon Bowker. The three were inspired by entrepreneur Alfred Peet (whom they knew personally) to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment. The name is taken from Moby-Dick; after Pequod was rejected by one of the co-founders, the company was named after the first mate on the Pequod, Starbuck. From 1971–1976, the first Starbucks was at 2000 Western Avenue; it then was relocated to 1912 Pike Place, where it remains to this day. During their first year of operation, they purchased green coffee beans from Peet’s, then began buying directly from growers. The Starbucks Center, Seattle. The company HQ, in the old Sears, Roebuck and Co. catalog distribution center building Entrepreneur Howard Schultz joined the company in 1982 as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing, and after a trip to Milan, advised that the company should sell coffee and espresso drinks as well as beans. Seattle had become home to a thriving countercultural coffeehouse scene since the opening of the Last Exit on Brooklyn in 1967, the owners rejected this idea, believing that getting into the beverage business would distract the company from its primary focus. To them, coffee was something to be prepared in the home, but they did give away free samples of pre-made drinks. Certain that there was money to be made selling pre-made drinks, Schultz started the Il Giornale coffee bar chain in April 1986. (starbucks, 2011) Question 2 Explain why you chose the retail store. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 17,009 stores in 55 countries. Yeah, it’s rather unremarkable. Starbucks is everywhere. What is remarkable is how successful they are. I believe that no matter how perfect management system they have there still has a loophole. I go to starbucks not just as a coffee drinker, but as someone who was pleased with both the service, and quality of my request. The number of choices one has almost makes it impossible to be dissatisfied with whatever you get, and get this; you can have them make it over or how you want it specifically if you are dissatisfied. You read "Customer Relationship Management Starbucks Corporation" in category "Essay examples" Starbucks has taken the opportunity that other small business haven’t yet. This is why so many people drink it. It’s everywhere, convenient, and practical as a beverage seller. If you personally don’t like the coffee, they have entire menu with things that are not coffe. I definitely love starbucks. It is a cool place to relax and hangout. I don’t only order coffee there anyways. I love their pastries and lattle . I love how they give a calming aura. It gets my stress off. And really coffee is delicious depends on the taste buds of the person. Question 3 Explain about your scenario as a mystery shopper and what you did at the outlet. I went to starbucks as a mystery shopper for three times. For the first time,I walked into starbucks, the waiter said hello to me, and asked me what do I want to drink, so, I ordered a cup of lattle. The waiter asked me whether I need any dessert or not. I ordered a piece of cheese cake. And I paid for both of them, the waiter handed me my order. He smiled warmly and wished me a nice day. For the second time, I just sit here ,and didn’t order anything. Luckily ,they didn’t push me away. For the third time, I ordered a cup of Mocha Frappuccino, but I found a hair in it. I was very surprised and I told the waiter about it. He changed my drink to a larger sized one, and apologized to me . I was very satisfied with their service. Check points ?Number of employees in the store on entering: 3. ?How long it takes before the mystery shopper is greeted: 3 second. ?The name of the employees: zhangqin machao zhangwei. ?Whether or not the greeting is friendly, or if they didn’t greet the customer : the greeting is friendly. ?The questions asked by the shopper to find a suitable products: the answer is very good. The types of products shown (if they suggest too expansive products): they just introduce me some new product. ?The sales arguments used by the employee(if you felt sales pressure): no I didn’t felt any stress ,they’re all very kind. ?Whether or how the employee attempted to close the sale: they didn’t close the sale, they just handed your or der default to close the sale. ?Whether the employee suggested any add-on sales: yes. ?Whether the employee invited the shopper to come back to the store: yes. ?Cleanliness of store and store associates: the store is very clean. ?Speed of service: fast Store appearance, and grooming/presentation: the decoration is very fashionable, and in order to meet the Christmas, Christmas decorations are everywhere. ?Was it easy to find the store in a shopping center or in a street ? : yes, it’s easy to find starbucks on Xinhua road. ?Ask them if there are any kinds of student discount program. Did they reply to you in proper manner? :yes ? Ask them if refund or exchange is possible when you’re not happy with the product. How did they respond to you? : food product can not change, they feel sorry about this, they ask me some questions about the food so that they can improve. Question 4 Describe the retail store’s customer service with your knowledge of Pet peeves and 14 factors of company culture. Pet peeves I think starbucks’s service is very good, most details do very well. I didn’t feel being ignore, because they say hello to me, when I came in . And also, I didn’t feel high pressure sales, they just suggest me sincerely . But the second time I do this report , I was disappointedly with the poor quality work, I found a hair in my cup, they do not very well about the cleaning. But they changed my drink to a larger sized one, and apologized to e . I was very satisfied with their service. In short, I was satisfied with the customer service. 14 factors of company culture ?Greeting customers: do very well ?Initiating conversation : do very well ?Sincerely complimenting customers: do very well ?Calling customers by name: I don’t know ?Establishing and maintaining eye contact: good job ?Ask for feedback: just so so ?Listeni ng skillfully: do very well ?Say polite words: do very well ?Smiling: good job ?Using good telephone techniques: just so so ?Using appropriate touch techniques: just so so Enjoying people: do very well ?Being positive about selling: do very well ?Watching your workplace attractiveness: good job The good service with The old chairs and table, friendly barista, soothing music and the aroma of the coffee makes you feel relaxed and at home. Starbucks gives us the feeling of relaxation and belonging. We feel it because Starbucks is true to its values and it shows. And because we believed in what â€Å"Starbucks† offers us, we give value to it by being loyal. Question 5 Suggest some solutions to improve the retail store’s customer service. A few of the Starbucks coffees are not so bad but the problem is that they often sit for a very long time before being served. Usually, the better coffees are not available brewed. My biggest personal gripe with Starbucks is that they replaced all of the espresso machines with automatic versions over the past few years. The quality and strength of the espresso has gone down substantially and the price is no longer even partly justified since it no longer takes time, effort, or skill to make espresso beverages. most of their drinks have so much sugar and calories, and they have this fancy complicated lingo to place a coffee order†¦. hat should be so simple! I believe most people like Starbucks is because is in style! even though they don’t really know what they are drinking. Starbucks should care more about our healthy! And also, the employees need to be more carefull. CONCLUSION That’s What They Serve. There’s no greater purpose in life than service to other s. And indeed, Starbucks are one of those company who are living and being true to this famous line. In its book entitled â€Å"It’s Not about Coffee†, the author and previous CEO, Howard Behar, have mentioned that Starbucks is all about People. From their employees to its customers and suppliers, they give priority to people and relationships. And to prove it, they do not call their employees as â€Å"staff†, which most of us are being called by our bosses. Instead, they call all employees from below to top as â€Å"partners†. Because they truly believes that each and everyone is contributing to the success and growth of the Company. They believe that each and everyone can be a great contribution to an organization’s success, and the world for that matter. Amazing isn’t? And that reason alone is why a lot of people is giving back the value that this Company is providing them. (starbucks, 2011) Three Important Lessons From Starbucks ?If we have vision it creates magic. ?When we are sure of our value it creates direction and feeling on what we offer others. ?If we prioritize on people, we do not need to look for the reward and recognition, it comes to us. REFERENCES LIST http://www. starbucks. cn/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Starbucks http://www. ihatestarbucks. com/why. php How to cite Customer Relationship Management Starbucks Corporation, Essay examples

Might Conveying In Their Facial Expression-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: If A Parent Of Western Heritage Was Frowning At You, What Might They Be Conveying In Their Facial Expression? Answer: Introducation People take a glance if some different appearance is in front of them. Western heritage people are normally white skinned with brown or golden hair(Bellatory, 2016). So when they saw me, they were frowning at me as I am a resident of Indonesia. People of this country are generally Mongoloid in feature with yellow skin. People might express their unawareness with surprise and even abnormal as rare view of Mongoloid people by Western people. People used to show interest if something is bothering them or apparently looking different. People need time to adjust visual differences and for that period of time people used to frown on unusual things. This type of facial expression makes others uncomfortable and market feeling that they are alien in this world. People actually try to realize the other world beyond their knowledge(Ancestraljourneys, 2015). Identify two types of signs that dont contain written words that could be understood by most people, regardless of their culture. The two types of signs are staring ridiculously and food habits might indicate cultural differences: When people stare at someone ridiculously, then it is believed that there is something not common in that person. Generally people react vigorously if something happened for which they are not used to with it. They start frowning when unnatural things are very near to them. This attitude makes others uneasy and uncomfortable and they are forced to convince that they are different in appearance. Racial appearance is very visible and easily noticed by everyone. Thats why an African is easily discriminated in a European country just because of skin colour. Asian people are easily assessed in Australia. Culture varies from race to race. So racial representation might be indicated very easily cultural differences(Lamb, 2015). Food habits are another way to distinguish cultural differences. Some people eat vegetarian and some non-vegetarian foods. People exclude and include foods depending on their ethnicity. These habits come from a long term lifestyle in certain environment. Religion plays a vital role for choosing foods in the world. Religion also can include or exclude some group of foods Business. People generally very reluctant to their food habits and are very touchy about changing these habits. They feel violating their norms in some extent and respond being privacy breached in larger extent. Food habits are also external factors of interpreting cultural differences(Jmu, 2012). Welcome means Cho m?ng in Vietnamese. Other synonyms of welcome in Vietnamese language are ti?p rc, s hoan nghinh, c h?u ?a?i, c hoan nghinh, tro?ng ?a?i, c ti?p ?a?i t t?. Jason Luu is a Vietnamese TIS National Interpreter. He completed his B.A. from Vietnam National University and an expert in translating and interpreting. He got scholarship from Australian Government and now enjoys Dual citizenship. NAATI is the national standards and accreditation body for translators and interpreters in Australia and Jason Luu is a NAATI accredited Interpreter. One can contact at their NEW SOUTH WALES Office: Suite 3, Level 5, 280-282 Pitt Street, Sydney NSW 2000 PO Box A161 Sydney South NSW 1235 Ph: +61 2 9267 1357 Fax: +61 2 9267 4720 Office hours: 9:00am - 4:00pm Monday Friday Justine can say some very simple sentences or phrases to Ahn to make her comfortable in new environment. Hi! May I know your name? How are you? Who are you? From which country do you belong to? Have some tea. Vietnam is a beautiful country. What is your native place? Whenever Justine used to meet Ahn; he should have a very positive attitude with a welcome smile. Body language and appearance can play most vital role to make feel accepted and adjusted. Ahn would feel refresh and eradicate anxiety on not knowing English in a new country. Smile can lessen awkwardness being stereotyped. Justine should also learn some common gesture of Vietnam to ease her like bow down and not touching her hand like locals do. It is a mutual respect of cultural ethnicity to stop discrimination in any aspect. CHCDIV001 Assessment 4 A child does not make eye contact with their educator. Is it reasonable to assume this is a cultural norm, or should more be found out to see if it relates to the childs confidence or communication skill development? When a child does not make eye contact that means that child is suffering from less confidence. It is not a cultural norm rather it is developed from lack of communication. This behaviour stops child to connect with society and attitude towards new environment gets misleading. This thing shows that the child is not serious whatever is being spoken by others or easily distracted by outside forces. Verbal and nonverbal, both communications need proper eye contact unless it is a physical disability. Sometimes there may have religious beliefs and customs also. So it must be evaluated in a proper way that child should bring up in a finanacial way to become a responsible adult later. Kyrelee might say next: No I dont find anything wrong in it Maam. Wearing skirt for a male child is just an interest to explore like other games and Jen is doing that only. Most importantly this game makes Jen immense happy. Every day he used to play with block building and sand pit stuffs, one day skirt twirling doesnt make him a girl. Some people have prejudice and biased on gender. They feel that wearing skirts may alter a male child in female behaviour. They cant accept female behaviour in a male child as they have belief that female child is inferior to male child. This biased view prohibits exploring children in a very normal and natural way. Children dont have that sense to behave in this manner, rather they just feel curiosity to wear dresses twirling and spinning around them. It is just a fun just like other games. They never pretend to be a female child as they dont have that sexual consciousness in an adult perspective. References: Ancestraljourneys. (2015, October 28). Who do you look like? Retrieved August 11, 2017, from Ancestraljourneys: https://www.ancestraljourneys.org/looks.shtml Bellatory. (2016, July 18). Brown to Blonde: Hair Colors for Cool Skin Tones. Retrieved August 11, 2017, from Bellatory: https://bellatory.com/hair/Brown-to-Blonde-Hair-Colors-for-Cool-Skin-Tones Jmu. (2012, June 04). Food management Globalization! Retrieved August 11, 2017, from Jmu: https://sites.jmu.edu/foodcomm/2012/06/04/food-and-globalization-2/ Lamb, L. (2015, June 03). How Culture Affects Diet. Retrieved August 11, 2017, from Livestrong: https://www.livestrong.com/article/476301-how-culture-affects-die

Why are textbooks so expensive Essays - Textbooks, Bookselling

Why are textbooks so expensive Why Are Textbooks So Expensive? 1.According to Roediger, textbooks are more expensive because of the current approval of the used textbook market. He mentioned the used textbook market as a tricky not because of that students are selling to each other. The problem is that the textbook dealers, some of them owning the bookstore, purchase textbooks from students at a very low portion of the price that the students pay for them. Then the wholesalers sell these books to a different bookstore in other campus. This prevents sales of new books, and the publishers and authors are not receiving reasonable payments for their labor in making the textbooks. When the bookstore resells the used books-the income on this used book would be higher than the income made on the new book. 2.The example explains how the author, the person who creates the textbook, makes less money than the bookstore. The author receives only around 15% of the sales price. I am very surprised how little profit they really made. He used another example about back in time. When he was teaching at Purdue University, Henry and Betty each had to teach 475 students and they order 950 textbooks-that is a lot profit for the authors. But unfortunately he went to a bookstore and find out that all of these text books were used copies-that means that the whole profit goes to the bookstores. The purpose of all the examples he uses in the essay is to describe the difference in using new and used books/when use new books profit goes to a publisher, and unfortunately when you use used books-bookstores made all the money and an authors received zero income. 3. 4. According to Roediger, textbook publishers have tiny options to deal with the loss in profits. They can increase the prices of textbooks or the other option is to list a new edition of the books often that is how book profits will go to the publisher and author, not the bookstores. Also they can present some packages-electronic code with the textbook, valid only for each semester to each student-it will be uniq

A History of Napoleons Continental System

A History of Napoleons Continental System During the Napoleonic Wars, the Continental System was an attempt by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte to cripple Britain. By creating a blockade, he had planned to destroy their trade, economy, and democracy. Because British and allied navies had impeded trade ships from exporting to France, the Continental System was also an attempt to reshape the French export market and economy. Creation of the Continental System Two decrees, that of Berlin in November 1806 and Milan in December 1807 ordered all allies of France, as well as all countries who wanted to be considered neutral, to cease trade with the British. The name ‘Continental Blockade’ derives from the ambition to cut Britain off from the entire continent of mainland Europe. Britain countered with the Orders in Council which helped cause the War of 1812 with the USA. After these declarations both Britain and France were blockading each other (or trying to.) The System and Britain Napoleon believed Britain was on the verge of collapse and thought damaged trade (a third of British exports went to Europe), which would drain Britain’s bullion, cause inflation, cripple the economy and cause both a political collapse and a revolution, or at least stop British subsidies to Napoleon’s enemies. But for this to work the Continental System needed to be applied for a long time over the continent, and the fluctuating wars meant it was only truly effective in mid 1807-08, and mid 1810-12; in the gaps, British goods flooded out. South America was also opened to Britain as the latter helped Spain and Portugal, and Britain’s exports stayed competitive. Even so, in 1810-12 Britain suffered a depression, but the strain didn’t affect the war effort. Napoleon chose to ease gluts in French production by licensing limited sales to Britain; ironically, this sent grain to Britain during their worst harvest of the wars. In short, the system failed to break Britain. However, it did break something else... The System and the Continent Napoleon also meant his ‘Continental System’ to benefit France, by limiting where countries could export and import to, turning France into a rich production hub and making the rest of Europe economic vassals. This damaged some regions while boosting others. For instance, Italy’s silk manufacturing industry was almost destroyed, as all silk had to be sent to France for production. Most of the ports and their hinterlands suffered. More Harm than Good The Continental System represents one of Napoleon’s first great miscalculations. Economically, he damaged those areas of France and his allies which relied on trade with Britain for only a small increase in production in some areas of France. He also alienated swathes of conquered territory which suffered under his rules. Britain had the dominant navy and was more effective in blockading France than the French were in trying to cripple Britain. As time passed, Napoleon’s efforts to enforce the blockade bought more war, including an attempt to stop Portugal trading with Britain that led to a French invasion and the draining Peninsular War, and it was a factor in the disastrous French decision to attack Russia. It is possible that Britain would have been harmed by a Continental System that was properly and fully implemented, but as it was, it harmed Napoleon far more than it harmed his enemy.

Expected Value of a Binomial Distribution

Expected Value of a Binomial Distribution Binomial distributions are an important class of discrete probability distributions. These types of distributions are a series of n independent Bernoulli trials, each of which has a constant probability p of success. As with any probability distribution we would like to know what its mean or center is. For this we are really asking, â€Å"What is the expected value of the binomial distribution?† Intuition vs. Proof If we carefully think about a binomial distribution, it is not difficult to determine that the expected value of this type of probability distribution is np. For a few quick examples of this, consider the following: If we toss 100 coins, and X is the number of heads, the expected value of X is 50 (1/2)100.If we are taking a multiple choice test with 20 questions and each question has four choices (only one of which is correct), then guessing randomly would mean that we would only expect to get (1/4)20 5 questions correct. In both of these examples we see that  E[ X ] n p. Two cases is hardly enough to reach a conclusion. Although intuition is a good tool to guide us, it is not enough to form a mathematical argument and to prove that something is true. How do we prove definitively that the expected value of this distribution is indeed np? From the definition of expected value and the probability mass function for the binomial distribution of n trials of probability of success p, we can demonstrate that our intuition matches with the fruits of mathematical rigor. We need to be somewhat careful in our work and nimble in our manipulations of the binomial coefficient that is given by the formula for combinations. We begin by using the formula: E[ X ] ÃŽ £ x0n x C(n, x)px(1-p)n – x. Since each term of the summation is multiplied by x, the value of the term corresponding to x 0 will be 0, and so we can actually write: E[ X ] ÃŽ £ x 1n x C(n , x) p x (1 – p) n – x . By manipulating the factorials involved in the expression for C(n, x) we can rewrite x C(n, x) n C(n – 1, x – 1). This is true because: x C(n, x) x n!/(x!(n – x)!) n!/((x – 1)!(n – x)!) n(n – 1)!/((x – 1)!((n – 1) – (x – 1))!) n C(n – 1, x – 1). It follows that: E[ X ] ÃŽ £ x 1n n C(n – 1, x – 1) p x (1 – p) n – x . We factor out the n and one p from the above expression: E[ X ] np ÃŽ £ x 1n C(n – 1, x – 1) p x – 1 (1 – p) (n – 1) - (x – 1) . A change of variables r x – 1 gives us: E[ X ] np ÃŽ £ r 0n – 1 C(n – 1, r) p r (1 – p) (n – 1) - r . By the binomial formula, (x y)k ÃŽ £ r 0 kC( k, r)xr yk – r the summation above can be rewritten: E[ X ] (np) (p (1 – p))n – 1 np. The above argument has taken us a long way. From beginning only with the definition of expected value and probability mass function for a binomial distribution, we have proved that what our intuition told us. The expected value of the binomial distribution B( n, p) is n p.

Midterm questions and answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Midterm questions and answers - Essay Example 2b. TUFS system can be described as a qualifier; since it replaces the inefficient manual system that was being used previously, through making it easy for the underwriters and their managers to communicate and develop reports easily (Smith and McKeen, 68). 3a.The advantage of agile project management is that it allows all the stakeholders to be involved in the system development process, through providing an interactive forum where they can give their contribution. The advantage of system development life cycle project development methodology is that it first evaluates the necessity of the study, through undertaking a feasibility study to determine the possible benefits of the system. The disadvantage of system development life cycle project development methodology is that it takes long to complete the project, while the agile project management does not undertake a feasibility study first (Smith and McKeen, 67). 4. Martin Drysdale should first develop app For TUFS on the Apple Ios, since it is an advanced version of computer operating system, making it compatible with computer operations that are necessary for TUFS

Managing Risk with Derivatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing Risk with Derivatives - Essay Example This paper attempts to discuss derivatives as a tool for financial risk management and its effectiveness in business risk management. In the finance literature, hedge refers to a technique in which an investment is made in certain securities to reduce or eliminate the risk of loss resulting from the fluctuations in the price of another security by taking two offset positions in the related security. Hedging is defined as a risk management strategy designed to offset risk of loss causing from fluctuations in the prices of commodities, currencies or securities ( LiPuma, 2004). Hedging helps to transfer the various risks without the need of buying any insurance policies. Hedging was commonly used in the commodities market by the traders to reduce the risk of loss caused by fluctuations in the price of a commodity. It was used by the trader to buy as well as sell the equal quantities of the same commodities in two different markets at same time with the expectation that a change in price in future in one market will help to offset by an opposite change in the other market. But now hedging could also be used in the sec urities and foreign exchange market. Source: One of the instrument or tool used to hedge risk is derivatives. ... Derivatives refer to the financial contracts or instruments that derive their value from the underlying asset like stocks, equity, bonds, commodities etc. Nowadays derivatives are also used by the investors and institutional borrowers. The people who use derivatives as a way of managing risk are called hedgers. The derivative instruments used for hedging purposes include forwards, futures, options, swaps and combination on these (hybrid). Derivatives are becoming increasingly important in international markets as a tool for risk management. Derivatives help lot to the corporate clients to separate their risks and transfer them to those who are ready to bear their risks. In addition to these derivatives are the cheapest and convenient means of hedging because in derivatives there is no actual delivery of underlying assets only the profit or loss on the derivative contract is adjusted. Moreover all the derivative instruments are very simple to operate without any tedious process in it. They can also be used by the companies to hedge their long tern risks (i.e., 10-15 year risk), which enable the companies to focus more on management decisions other than funding decisions. Further all derivative instruments are low cost products and offer high liquidity to the companies. Due to these reasons derivatives have become one of the essential tool for the companies to hedge their complex exposures and volatilities that they hav e to face in the financial markets today. However it is seen that the derivative instruments in recent times have come under general scrutiny because of its misuse made by the companies in managing the financial risks. Hence depending upon how it is used the derivatives can be both advantageous

Osamu Dazai Essay Example for Free

Osamu Dazai Essay Osamu Dazai was one of Japanese novelist and considered one of the most important storytellers of postwar Japan. While known primarily as a novelist, Dazai also earned recognition for his numerous short stories, including â€Å"Omoide† (â€Å"Memories†), â€Å"Sarugashima† (â€Å"Monkey Island†), and â€Å"Ha† (â€Å"Leaves†), which were published in Bannen, his first collection of short stories. Like most of his longer fiction, Dazais short stories are autobiographical and reflect a troubled life marred by alcoholism, drug addiction, and several suicide attempts. Nevertheless, Dazais fiction showcases his artistic imagination and unique confessional narrative technique. Dazai was born the youngest of ten children in Kanagi, a small town in northern Japan, to one of the wealthiest families in the region. While Dazais later years were turbulent, he grew up a sensitive child in comfortable surroundings. Later in his life, however, his wealthy background led to self-consciousness, contributing to a nagging sense of isolation that is an undercurrent throughout his fiction. Dazai underwent his apprenticeship in writing during the 1920s while attending secondary schools in Aomori and Hirosaki and published many of his early stories in magazines founded and run by aspiring young authors. By the time he attended Hirosaki Higher School, however, Dazai began to live the unconventional lifestyle that brought him much fame. Despite his widely recognized talent, however, alcoholism, drug addiction, affairs with geishas, suicide attempts, and frequent psychological traumas plagued him the rest of his life. In 1930, Dazai enrolled in the Department of French Literature at Tokyo University, but by the end of his first year, he ceased attending classes. Instead, Dazai became involved with left-wing politics, caroused, and renewed his relationship with a geisha he met while attending Hirosaki Higher School. His family disapproved of this relationship, leading to one of Dazais suicide attempts. He attempted to take his own life on at least three other occasions and finally succeeded in a double suicide with a young war widow in 1948. This episode, among several instances of double suicide in Dazais fiction, is retold in his widely acclaimed novel, No Longer Human. Dazais highly autobiographical fiction first garnered popular and critical attention after the publication of his first collection, Bannen (The Final Years). The first and most significant of these stories is â€Å"Omoide† (â€Å"Memories†). With its highly personal tone, â€Å"Memories† reveals a common narrative technique in Dazais writing. Revealing his childhood and adolescent traumas, as well as his need for companionship and love, Dazais first-person narrative attracts the readers sympathy while raising doubts about the authenticity of the narration because of exaggerated rhetoric. â€Å"Gangu† (â€Å"Toys†), another tale in Bannen, illustrates Dazais playfulness. In this tale, the narrator — after briefly relating his financial troubles — details his plans to concoct a tale recounting the memories of an infant. While these and other early pieces exemplify the personal tone of much of Dazais work, another group of tales shows his talent for imaginative storytelling. Two tales — â€Å"Gyofukuki,† translated as â€Å"Metamorphosis,† and â€Å"Sarugashima,† translated as â€Å"Monkey Island† — provide good examples of this. In place of the Dazai like protagonist present throughout most of his other short fiction; â€Å"Metamorphosis† is about a peasant girl who, on the verge of puberty, takes on the appearance and identity of a fish. â€Å"Monkey Island† presents two humanoid monkeys as its protagonists. In astonishment, one of the monkeys soon realizes they are the objects of atte ntion, rather than the spectators, of the humans walking through the zoo. In his final years, he composed a series of stories that evince his interest in domestic issues, as titles such as â€Å"Villons Wife,† â€Å"Father,† and â€Å"Family Happiness†Ã¢â‚¬â€suggest. As critics have remarked, the stories of these collections are among the few works of artistic value produced by a Japanese author under the strict government censorship during World War II. While famous in Japan and avidly read — especially by the younger generation — Dazai has not achieved the international stature of Japanese writers such as Natsume Sseki, Kawabata Yasunari, Mishima Yukio, and End Shusaku. This is partly due to problems with translating Dazais highly personal style. Yet Dazai has earned himself a position in modern Japanese letters more or less comparable to that of an F. Scott Fitzgerald, as opposed to a William Faulkner, in modern American literature. Donald Keene, Dazais principal English translator, has described him as a Japanese writer â€Å"who emerged at the end of World War II as the literary voice of his time.† While Dazais body of work is sometimes criticized for its narrow scope, many critics maintain that his fiction contains some of the most beautiful prose in modern Japanese literature. Dazai became celebrated for two short novels, The Setting Sun and No Longer Human, both translated into English. I read both of them back when I was reading all the Japanese fiction I could get my hands on, but did not care for either, and have not read either again. The Setting Sun was published in 1947, and is set in those years shortly after the end of the war. It was a very popular novel, and the title came to represent Japanese of the upper classes who had fallen because of the war and American occupation. But Dazai was already well known for personal characteristics reflected in the major characters as wellnihilism, drunken dissipation, despair (a kind of model for our hippie generation)so, although the central character is a young woman, Kazuko, the novel is read as strongly autobiographical. This is true for No Longer Human, too, which is perhaps even more autobiographical, and, as Donald Keene describes it, is an attack on the habits and traditions of Japanese society, but above all a record of his alienation from society. (1063) I was not attracted to the narcissistic qualities in these two novels, or to the fact that Dazai, after having failed in two previous love suicides (in which the women succeeded) succeeded in a love suicide June 13, 1948 (he and the woman drowned in the Tamagawa Reservoir). I just didnt much like him or his charactersnever used those novels in courses I taught. But I did use one of his short stories, Villons Wife, several times, because it was in the anthology I most frequently used in the survey course of Japanese Literature, Donald Keenes Modern Japanese Literature, and I actually came to like that story very much (sort of like Oes The Catch, the exception that proves the rule). The husband in the story may be the closest self-portrait of all, and the most despicable, in his drunken dissipation, unfaithfulness, and unforgivable treatment of his wife, but the story is told by the wife, who, in her attempts to accommodate herself to all of this comes through as an attractive and courageous characterand you realize that even Dazai, in his more sober moments perhaps, must have appreciated her virtues. Anyway, thats the one I recommendthen, if you want to read either, or both, of the novels, you will be reading fiction that was very popular in Japan in the decade after the end of the war, and may, indeed, reflect some of the values in flux in that traumatic time, particularly for young Japanese who would have seen themselves as having lost everything. I will be comparing Akutagawa to Edgar Allan Poe next month for their short lives and some of the qualities of their fiction, and it is easy to compare Dazai to Akutagawa (1892-1927), as well. Akutagawa was more of Tanizakis generation, but died in his late 30s, as a suicide, as Dazai did. But, I am happy to say, I am very fond of Akutagawaa highly disciplined literary artist. (MAIN BODY) â€Å"NO LONGER HUMAN† This book, by Osamu Dazai, is an example of the Japanese genre of shishosetsu, a kind of autobiographical fiction. Its different from what we think of as autobiography, in that the purpose is not so much to tell a story there is no real emplotment, beginning, middle, end in the traditional (or Aristotelian) sense, but rather, the text is a sort of rambling exploration of the self. Style is de-prioritized, sincerity and immediacy are tantamount. There is no constrained form, but rather, an attempt to establish a direct link between author and reader, to explain a particular perspective. The book is largely autobiographical, based on events from Dazais own life. He was a literary rock star, but a deeply miserable guy, attempting suicide several times before finally succeeding. Theres actually a monument at the spot where he killed himself (along with his mistress), and apparently people gather there on the anniversary of his death every year. In any case, the book itself is interesting. It makes me want to learn Japanese, for starters, because no matter how great the translator, theres no getting around the fact that the grammatical structure of Japanese is completely different from that of English, most importantly, for this book perhaps, in that it is entirely possible, and even common, to construct a sentence in Japanese with no subject. Apparently the entire book is written in this form, which would be particularly appropriate to the work itself. Though I wonder if the Japanese reader would really think of this as particularly artful, given that its apparently a standard thing to them. But I guess thats a question for psycho-linguists to answer. The book is the related story of a very unhappy guy who is essentially chronicling his downward spiral. Though its hard to say if its really a downward spiral though he does pinpoint a moment at which he ceased to be human, its not entirely clear that he was ever really human (by his own definition) to begin with. One question is what it means, in his eyes, to be human. There is a clear parallel to Notes from the Underground (Dazai was big into Dostoevsky, and the main character refers to Crime and Punishment), in that both are notes from deeply unhappy men who are convinced of their own uniqueness, but there are definitely differences. Dostoevskys character is raging against rationality, and the way in which it dehumanizes people, so in a sense, though he calls himself a mouse, etc, he could be seen as claiming that he is really the only human. Dazais character, Yozo, sees himself as inhuman, mainly, it seems, because he lacks certain basic human traits. He claims, for instance, that he has never felt hungry. However, there is also a certain issue of domination at play he is unable to say no to anyone, to turn down anything. In this sense, one could say that he is entirely determined by the outside world. Despite the fact that he has an inner life, he keeps it hidden from the outside world. In fact, his behavior is entirely, he claims, an act, he plays the clown for the amusement of others, refusing to let his own feelings show. But Im not certain if this is really the case. For instance, he wants to be an artist, and actually disobeys his father in order to pursue his artistic career, and confesses to the other authority figure in his life, Flatfish, that he wants to make art. So it seems as though the masking process is incomplete in this case, and at times he does behave authentically. I wonder if the same could be said for the Underground Man? I think that its slightly different in his case, in that the construction of the Underground Man is such that he cant behave authentically, because he has no stable self. Yozo, on the other hand, certainly has an inner life, its just a rather empty one. He doesnt seem to have any real will of his own, or rather, the will that he does have is purely towards self-destruction he can get booze and drugs, and drink himself into a stupor, without any difficulties. But then again, he also seems to have a brief lull of happiness, directly following his marriage. But even there, its hard to say if hes happy. Maybe its most accurate to say that he is so constructed as to be incapable of happiness? Hmmm. Theres more thinking to be done here. Unfortunately, I seem to like each Dazai Osamu (1909-1948) book less than the previous one. No Longer Human (Ningen Shikkaku, 1948) is more epigrammatic that The Setting Sun (Shayo, 1947), but perhaps I am too old for it (as I was once too young to read Proust) to be much moved for the plaint of a creature too delicate for the world. I cant muster sociological interest in it as social history of the 30s either, since dissipitation is basically timeless (though the preferred means vary). I read the epilogue differently from translator and longtime Columbia professor Donald Keene: as showing the notebooks writer was successful at mimicking good nature, not that his widow is right and the writer wrong. (In the way that most men fail to see their own cruelty, Yozo had not noticed his gentleness and capacity for love-p. 9; really? a capacity for love? and gentleness? or solipsism mixed with diffidence?) I am not so sure that Keene was right that the Japanese are certainly much more like A mericans than they are like their ancestors of one hundred years ago. As far as literature is concerned, the break with the Japanese past is almost complete (p. 7), though this is more credible now than it was six decades ago. Dazai seems very traditionally Japanese to me in many ways, a descendant of Sei Shà ´nagon both in wit and to some degree in aesthetics (Dazai is still plenty delicate and fairly indirect, even about what she would have considered vulgar and even sordid matters, very regretful and very perishable). Would Keene have been moved to translate Dazai, if there was nothing of the Japanese tradition that Keene venerates in Dazai? Let alone, recall translating Dazai as if I were writing a book of my own, an experience he only otherwise had with Kenkà ´s Essays in Idleness (On Familiar Terms, p. 189). I like Keenes characterization of Yozo as a man who is orphaned from his fellows by their refusal to take him seriously (p. 8, see p. 139), which in turn is a result of his desperate clowning. Of course, this resonates with my experience of people not believing I could possibly be serious when I am, and feeling Im not like other people, incapable of getting by. And unusual or extravagant things tempt me (p. 23). It is interesting that someone who felt himself different from an early age and for whom it would be no exaggeration to say that my only playmates while I was growing up were girls (48) became a diffident lady-killer rather than a homosexual. Ã…Å'ba cannot forget his abuse by a female servant when he was young. In high school, he played the buffoon. At university, he finds bad influence from Horiki and leads a life of debauchery (nonstop smoking, alcohol abuse, promiscuity), culminating in a double suicide (it cannot seriously be billed a love suicide) in which the married woman drowns and he survives. After being expelled from the university, Ã…Å'ba is clan and sober for a time in a relationship with an innocent young woman, but Horki shows up and leads Ã…Å'ba back into temptation, now adding morphine to alcohol abuse and being incarcerated in a mental asylum, where he is numb rather than violent. As for being zombified by Japans defeat, Dazai seems to me to have been as self-destructive and intellectually nihilistic while the Japanese Empire was rising as in the general anomie after Emperor Hirohito renounced divinity and the US occupied the archipelago. (Imamuras Pigs and Battleships show some of this social breakdown and women who were better at surviving it than the men.) The original publication sold more than six million copies in Japan, more than any Japanese novel other than Kokoro (1914) by SÃ… seki Natsume. A manga version was published in 2009, the centenary of Dasais birth, and also filmed. (CONCLUSION) Attending Meiji Gakuin University from the age 15 to 19, Toson gradually became aware of literature under the influence of unconventional traditions of the school. Toson literature is even said to originate during his days at the university. Toson joined Bungakukai, a literary group, and as a romantic poet, published a collection of poems including Wakanashu. Later, Toson turned a novelist and published Hakai (â€Å"The Broken Commandment†) and Haru (â€Å"Spring†), and is thus regarded as a prominent naturalist novelist. His other works include, Ie (â€Å"Family†), considered to have achieved the highest level in Japanese Naturalism literature, Shinsei (â€Å"New life†), a confession of his own incestuous relationship with his niece, Yoakemae (â€Å"Before the Dawn†), a historical novel modeled on the life of his father. Altbough he began his serialization of Tohonomon (â€Å"The Gate of the East†) in 1943, he died of a stroke at his own hom e in Oiso, Kanagawa prefecture on 22nd of August. (BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST) Dazai, Osamu, and Donald Keene. No Longer Human. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1981. Print. Lyons, Phyllis I., and Osamu Dazai. The Saga of Dazai Osamu: a Critical Study with Translations. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1985. Print. Hachimaki, Emi. ä º ºÃ©â€"“å ¤ ±Ã¦   ¼. é â€™Ã§ © ºÃ¦â€"‡å º «Ã£â‚¬â‚¬Aozora Bunko. Aozora, 1 Jan. 1999. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000035/files/301_14912.html. (REFERENCE) http://kirjasto.sci.fi/dazai.htm http://www.jlit.net/authors_works/dazai_osamu.html http://wlc.drake.edu/wordpress/japanese/2010/02/28/osamu-dazai%E3%80%80%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%B0%E6%B2%BB%EF%BC%89/

Disgrace: Parent-Child Relationships Essay -- Literary Analysis

Family is often a common theme that is shared across many of J.M Coetzee novels. Family members are usually distant to each other or the relationships between parents and children do not succeed in a conventional way. When Coetzee allows for members to engage in relationships with one another they are either â€Å"strained† or tainted by â€Å"violence† (Splendore 148). This is especially true in his novel Disgrace. In Disgrace David Lurie, an English professor, is arguably forced to resign from his position at the University, because of this Lurie moves to his daughters’ farm in Eastern Cape. The pair appears to have a normal relationship most of the time, but there is some obvious discomfort. As time progresses the relationship begins to improve, only to be ruined by an attack. Lurie is locked up, beaten and set on fire, where Lucy, his daughter, is gang raped and left with a pregnancy. It is at this point that their relationship begins to crumble. Alth ough Lurie loves his daughter it is his failed attempts to understand her situation and his eagerness to push her in the right direction that lead to a colder, more distant relationship. Lurie’s displays of love towards Lucy are undeniable. From the attack on Lurie shows overwhelming amounts of love for Lucy. This is mostly apparent during the attack, where Lurie very seldom shows any concern for his own well-being, but shows enormous amounts for Lucy’s, even when his own life is in jeopardy. As soon as Lurie regains consciousness, and realizes that he has been locked in the bathroom he begins to worry about â€Å"his child in the hands of strangers† and that â€Å"whatever is happening to her will be set in stone† (Coetzee 94). With these thoughts in mind Lurie attempts to escape by kic... ...e end of the novel Lucy and Lurie have grown so far apart that they rarely speak or spend any time together, this is all a result of the problems that Lurie’s arrogance to her situation. Works Cited Coetzee, J.M. Disgrace . New York: Penguin Books, 2000. Print. Dooley, Gillian. J. M. Coetzee and the power of narrative . Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2010. Print. Kossew, Sue. "The Politics of Shame and Redemption in J.M Coetzee's Disgrace." Research in African Literatures 34.2 (2003): 155 162. Project Muse . Web. 26 Oct. 2010. McDonald, Bill. Encountering disgrace: reading and teaching Coetzee's novel. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2009. Print. Splendore, Paola . ""No more mothers and father": The Family Sib-Text in J.M Coetzee's Novels." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 38.3 (2003): 148-161. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. Web. 26 Oct. 2010

Internal analysis of Ryanair Essay

1. Internal audit of tangible, financial and intangible resources Tangible Resources 1. Human Resources * Ryanair currently employs 2000 people (2003) from 25 nations. * The pay is performance related and among the highest in the airline industry (Annual Report 2004, p. 5). Travel concessions and participation in the share option program is granted to all employees. In 2003 over 30% (639 in total) of employees took part in the stock option program – the average pay per employee was about 53.000 (Annual Report 2004, p. 21). * CEO Michael O’Leary has significantly shaped Ryanair. 2. Physical resources * Ryanair operates 72 aircrafts (Annual Report 2004, p. 3). All aircrafts are of a single type. Ryanair has ordered 225 brand new Boeing 737-800 aircrafts. The average aircraft age was about 10 years vs. easy Jet’s was 5.1 years (2003). However with the deliver of the new aircrafts, Ryanair’s figure will enhance. The average age of the fleet is important, as maintenance costs depends on this. * Facilities: Dublin Airport facilities, but no major other ones. Financial Resources * Ryanair will stay mostly unhedged in 2005 (Annual Report 2004, p. 12). * With a quick ratio of 2.7 Ryanair has enough cash even if all liabilities  have to be paid at once (Brealey et al., 2001). Ryanair has also shown good profitability. * Ryanair is listed on a stock exchange, obtaining capital in form of equity capital. In total, Ryanair has 1.5 billion in shareholder funds (Annual Report 2004, p. 12). The stock was very attractive to investors, outperforming its benchmark index. Intangible Resources * Ryanair has access to medium sized airports which provide cheap slot licences. The average airport charge applied to Ryanair was less than 7 . * Ryanair has an option to get 200 additional brand new Boeing 737-800 from Boeing. * Internet as major distribution platform with very huge attraction Ryanair’s most important assets are aircrafts and access to secondary airports. But this alone doesn’t make this airline successful: the real assets are the employees and particularly the CEO Michael O’Leary. Ryanair has a solid financial statement and a good profit track which is currently negatively influenced by the ongoing price war. 2 Threshold and core competences and resources 1) Threshold Resources * Availability of aircrafts and access to (low cost) airports * Internet as sales and marketing device 2) Threshold Competences: * If a sudden oil price shock occurs or the exchange rate develops  unfavourable this may have negative effects on net income. The ability to hedge exchange rate risks and oil prices is therefore a core threshold competence. * Customers expect to get cheap ticket prices, punctuality and highest safety standards from Ryanair. Ryanair must therefore be able to provide customers with lower fares than their competitors. * The ability to generate income from ancillary services (in order to subsidise the lowest ticket prices). Threshold capabilities of Ryanair are: the ability to keep flying from A to B on a low cost basis and sustaining competitive ticket prices. Core capabilities/competences: Efficient low cost base Ryanair always searches for possibilities to cut costs. Low operating costs within the complete value chain, subcontracting and economics of scale (performance related pay, efficient aircrafts, use of secondary airports, internet as marketing and sales device†¦) make it possible to provide the cheapest ticket prices available. Sound financial statement Very sound financial statement (e.g. liquidity ratio, shareholder funds†¦). Leadership style of Michel O’Leary CEO Michael O’Leary (Effective, charismatic leadership) and Ryanair’s management. The management of Ryanair received several awards and Michael O’Leary was named one of â€Å"25 European business starts by the Financial Times†. High market power Ryanair has a high market share, and the possibility to act as a price leader (sound financial figures making it possible to initiate and sustain a price war) Employment policy Effective employment handling: Every 7th employee (191 in total) was promoted internally (Annual Report 2004, p. 5), keeping people who already know the company which in turn reduces costs (introduction†¦) and enhances motivation. Employees have also the interest to bring the company forward because over 30% already are shareholders. Sustainable competitive advantage according to Lynch (2003) of Ryanair is: the low cost basis (key success factor), offering of the cheapest ticket prices (in order to target price sensitive customers) and the abilities of the management and the CEO (leadership) of Ryanair. In addition to that first mover experience (experience from competing against BA and Aer Lingus at the beginning) may also have benefited the company. 3 Ryanair’s dynamic capabilities Dynamic capabilities provide a constant flow of opportunities (Lynch, 2003), from which Ryanair could take advantage in order to sustain the competitive advantage: * Ryanair immediately responds to opportunities and threats in order to cut costs and sustain the low cost basis (e.g. abandonment of ice cubes†¦) or to increase profits (e.g. ancillary services†¦) * Constantly shaping the internet as the main communication device to its customer (marketing and sales, booking†¦). * Ryanair wants to provide the lowest fares. Therefore the company must be  very flexible and always at least react (or outperform) competitors in terms of the price. * Ryanair’s aim is to enlarge. This means to add constantly more routes and boost of frequencies on rotes with high demand. As it can be seen, Ryanair’s dynamic capabilities are flexibility and the ability of rapid adoption to changing conditions. Hence the competitive advantage is not static (e.g. low cost basis). This is what Brown and Eisenhardt (1998) define as â€Å"continual revolution† (Lynch, 2003 [p. 130]). 4 Strength and weaknesses of Ryanair By referring to the above said, it’s possible to identify the following strength and weaknesses. Strength/Weakness * Efficient and low operating costs (e.g. airport charges, same type of aircraft, economics of scales, cost cutting where possible†¦) * Immediate reaction of the management to use opportunities (e.g. when ice cube weren’t fee of charge anymore, Ryanair stopped ordering them) * Excellent career opportunities and effective employment handling (e.g. no union exists so far, good integration of employees in the company via the stock options program) * Because of their obtained size they have to some extend pricing power * The financial statement is sound (e.g. for sustaining the price war) * High load factor (about 85%, which is one of the best in the industry) * Strong performing CEO and management (e.g. several awards) * First mover experience (Ryanair and its management shaped the whole European airline industry) * Good safety record * Hedging policy (Ryanair remains unhedged although PESTEL analysis concluded an instable environment) * Ryanair added too much capacity in a short time frame (overcapacity may lead to deteriorating load factor and danger of high fixed costs) * Ryanair doesn’t consider people without internet (more passenger may be attracted if Ryanair wouldn’t merely use the internet) * The behaviour of the CEO towards government officials As it can be seen, Ryanair fulfils all key success factors. The cost leadership approach is certainly Ryanair’s major strength and provides competitive advantage. However there were some weaknesses identified: for now, the company should at least rethink its hedging policy. The classification of factors into strength and weaknesses can be misleading. For example, the enlargement of the fleet can lead to economics of scope. But at the same time, there is the risk of creating overcapacity (and thereby deteriorating performance indicators, e.g. load factor). Hence some issues may be both, a possible strength and weakness. The same is true for opportunities and threats. This is a limitation of the SWOT analyses.

Historical Fiction Narrative

Historical Fiction Narrative My name is Elizabeth, I’m 15 and I’m moving to the West with my family. We are going there for something called the Homestead Act. The Homestead Act is when you get 160 acres of land for free for 5 years. During the 5 years, you must grow crops. But my father is going to the West for mining gold. It’s May 8th, 1861. Tomorrow my family and I leave for the West. We are going by railroad. It will be my first time going on the railroad.I’m so excited yet nervous. I heard that it’s a Transcontinental Railroad. That means that it’s a railroad that spans the continent. May 9th, 1861 Man: â€Å"So what are you on this train for? † Me: â€Å"Moving to the West. My family is getting a big house with 160 acres of land for free and my dads going to be a miner. † Man: â€Å"Oh, the Homestead Act! † Me: â€Å"Yeah. What are you here for? † Man: â€Å"Gold mining of course! I wanna strike gold and be come rich! Me: â€Å"Well, I have to go now so good luck and safe traveling. † Man: â€Å"Good luck and safe trip to you too! † 24 hours later My family and I are now in the West. The train ride was actually not that bad. But now we’re going to our house. Momma and poppa say it’s a big house. My older brother, Frank whose 19, might either stay with momma and I or go mining with poppa and my little sister, Sally whose 5, is staying with momma and I. I’m so excited that we’re here.It’s beautiful here. The fields, the land, everything! Now we’re at the house. It’s beautiful. And it’s really big and the land is beautiful. It’s like living a dream: fields of blue grass, beautiful blue skies, white puffy clouds. At night, I plan on laying outside in the fields and just watching the starts twinkle like little diamonds. I’m so happy to be here and I’m really excited to be spending the next 5 years and to start a new life in the West with my family.

Julius Caesars Character Analysis Brutus essays

Julius Caesar's Character Analysis Brutus essays Character Analysis on Julius Caesars The most favorite character of mine of Shakespeares Julius Caesar was Brutus. Although at times his trustworthiness was to the point of naivenss he was also the most moral character in the play. His leaderistic quality convinced him that the assassination of Caesar was the best thing to do for the public and for himself. Idealistic about nobility and honor (which was as a convincing point by other characters) he can almost be seen as a tragic hero. Perhaps one of the most admirable traits of Brutus was his morality. That never floundered in his decisions. His vacilitaty in between being part of the conspiracy or not was because of his moral standards. Killing a close friend was not in his wanting, but he determined it as the best for the public (another moral justification of joining the conspiracy). Yet another reason for the assassination of Caesar was that Brutus didnt want him to have all power because then he wouldnt have the same amount of power as he did now. That leadiristic or dictatorial quality in him leads him to also keep Cicero out because he wants the power reserved for himself. At that point in the play already Brutus has taken over the conspiracy and he isnt bad at it because even though everyone agrees to have Cicero in the conspiracy, Brutus objects and his decision alone stands over the three other conspirators. Brutuss trust in Cassiuss words and idea that he should be a conspirator takes over his indecisiveness and conscience to kill Caesar. Although Brutuss suicide proves that his head was making the decisions, not his heart. His idealism with nobility and honor lead other people to have a great point when convincing Brutus of doing something. For example, Cassius convinces him by telling him that Caesar shouldnt be more important when he says, W ...

Understanding Delphi Project and Unit Source Files

Understanding Delphi Project and Unit Source Files In short, a Delphi project is just a collection of files that make up an application created by Delphi. DPR is the file extension used for the Delphi Project file format to store all the files related to the project. This includes other Delphi file types like Form files (DFMs) and Unit Source files (.PASs). Since its  quite common for Delphi applications to share code or previously customized forms, Delphi organizes applications into these project files. The project is made up of the visual interface along with the code that activates the interface. Each project can have multiple forms that let you build applications that have multiple windows. The code thats needed for a form is stored in the DFM file, which can also contain general source code information that can be shared by all the applications forms. A Delphi project cannot be compiled unless a Windows Resource file (RES) is used, which holds the programs icon and version information. It might also contain other resources too, like images, tables, cursors, etc. RES files are generated automatically by Delphi. Note: Files that end in the DPR file extension are also Digital InterPlot files used by the Bentley Digital InterPlot program, but they have nothing to do with Delphi projects. DPR Files The DPR file contains directories for building an application. This is normally a set of simple routines which open the main form and any other forms that are set to be opened automatically. It then starts the program by calling the Initialize, CreateForm, and Run methods of the global Application object. The global variable Application, of type TApplication, is in every Delphi Windows application. Application encapsulates your program as well as provides many functions that occur in the background of the software. For example, Application handles how you would call a help file from the menu of your program. DPROJ is another file format for Delphi Project files, but instead, stores project settings in the XML format. PAS Files The PAS file format is reserved for the Delphi Unit Source files. You can view the current projects source code through the Project View Source menu. Although you can read and edit the project file like you would any source code, in most cases, you will let Delphi maintain the DPR file. The main reason to view the project file is to see the units and forms that make up the project, as well as to see which form is specified as the applications main form. Another reason to work with the project file is when youre creating a DLL file rather than a standalone application. Or, if you need some startup code, such as a splash screen before the main form is created by Delphi. This is the default project file source code for a new application that has one form called Form1: program Project1;uses Forms, Unit1 in Unit1.pas {Form1};{$R *.RES}begin Application.Initialize; Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1) ; Application.Run; end. Below is an explanation of each of the PAS files components: program This keyword identifies this unit as a programs main source unit. You can see that the unit name, Project1, follows the program keyword. Delphi gives the project a default name until you save it as something different. When you run a project file from the IDE, Delphi uses the name of the Project file for the name of the EXE file that it creates. It reads the uses clause of the project file to determine which units are part of a project. {$R *.RES} The DPR file is linked to the PAS file with the compile directive {$R *.RES}. In this case, the asterisk represents the root of the PAS file name rather than any file. This compiler directive tells Delphi to include this projects resource file, like its icon image. begin and end The begin and end block is the main source code block for the project. Initialize Although Initialize is the first method called in the main source code, it isnt the first code thats executed in an application. The application first executes the initialization section of all the units used by the application. Application.CreateForm The Application.CreateForm statement loads the form specified in its argument. Delphi adds an Application.CreateForm statement to the project file for each form thats included. This codes job is to first allocate memory for the form. The statements are listed in the order that the forms are added to the project. This is the order that the forms will be created in memory at runtime. If you want to change this order, do not edit the project source code. Instead, use the Project Options menu. Application.Run The Application.Run statement starts the application. This instruction tells the pre-declared object called Application, to begin processing the events that occur during the run of a program. Example of Hiding the Main Form/Taskbar Button The Application objects ShowMainForm property determines whether or not a form will show at startup. The only condition for setting this property is that it has to be called before the Application.Run line. //Presume: Form1 is the MAIN FORM Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1) ; Application.ShowMainForm : False; Application.Run;

Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Marketing Communication - Essay Example Marketing communication should reach a range of stakeholders and other players peripheral to the target market and which influence the business success (Clulow, 2006). Benefits and pitfalls of stakeholder responses should be anticipated and used to advantage. In the case of BMI the main marketing objectives was to introduce its product. It was planning to launch a low-cost airline subsidiary to compete with other low-cost carriers. They needed the services of an advertising agency because the launch required strategic brand development before the advertising plan could be developed. The marketing communications objective for BMI was challenging because the advertising agency had to launch a product with no brand name or brand image. Corporate communications in an airline must have certain differential features to influence travelers and establish brand image (Driver, 1999). BMI enjoyed a reputation for friendliness but the branding and positioning of the new product needed to have a low-cost approach. This required a strong brand image to distinguish it from long-established competitors. Another objective of marketing communications for the new airline was that even though the market for low-cost airline was still growing, it would reach a saturation point within 2 or 3 years. The passengers would then make a decision based on their experience. Consumers retain images of their experience with an airline or any service and this personal experience becomes the key driver for future purchases (FitzGerald & Arnott, 1999). Consumers are known to retain that brand in memory and if satisfied, it becomes their preferred choice. The attributes related to the image of the airline are only partially related to direct operational and flight factors. Relationship marketing emphasizes the need for firms to establish lasting relationships with customers, suppliers, employees and stakeholders through trust, relationship commitment and